Peptide Research Citations & References

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL14736, Pliva, Croatia) and wound healing (PL-10) — are both completely safe and both very effective?

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. • Inflammopharmacology • 2014

DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0189-9

Reviews BPC-157 safety and efficacy data from trials covering inflammatory bowel disease and wound healing, documenting the peptide's remarkable gastrointestinal and tissue-repair properties.

BPC 157 and Standard Anti-Ulcer Agents. Gut, Liver, and Brain Lesion Healing — Therapeutic Potential

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. • Current Pharmaceutical Design • 2018

DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180103185110

Demonstrates BPC-157's multi-organ healing effects including gut–brain axis modulation, liver protection, and acceleration of tendon and ligament repair in animal models.

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1 Trial)

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. • New England Journal of Medicine • 2021

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183

The landmark STEP 1 trial demonstrating that once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg produced mean weight loss of 14.9% versus 2.4% with placebo over 68 weeks in adults with obesity.

Semaglutide 2.4 mg Once a Week in Adults with Overweight or Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes (STEP 2 Trial)

Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. • The Lancet • 2021

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0

STEP 2 evaluated semaglutide 2.4 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes, showing 9.6% mean weight reduction and clinically meaningful glycaemic improvements versus placebo.

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT Trial)

Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. • New England Journal of Medicine • 2023

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563

The SELECT trial showed semaglutide 2.4 mg reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% in overweight/obese adults without diabetes, establishing a landmark cardiovascular benefit.

Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2 Trial)

Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. • New England Journal of Medicine • 2021

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519

Head-to-head trial showing tirzepatide 10 mg and 15 mg produced superior HbA1c and weight reductions compared to semaglutide 1 mg once weekly in type 2 diabetes patients.

Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1 Trial)

Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. • New England Journal of Medicine • 2022

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038

SURMOUNT-1 demonstrated tirzepatide 15 mg produced mean weight loss of 20.9% over 72 weeks in adults with obesity without diabetes, representing a step change in pharmacological weight management.

A dose-escalation study to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of CJC-1295

Ionescu M, Frohman LA. • Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism • 2006

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1536

First human pharmacokinetic study of CJC-1295, demonstrating prolonged GH and IGF-1 elevations lasting up to 14 days following a single injection, with a favourable safety profile.

Effects of Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone releasing peptide, on growth hormone secretion in the rat

Bowers CY. • Growth Hormone & IGF Research • 1998

DOI: 10.1016/S1096-6374(98)80058-4

Characterises ipamorelin as a selective GHRP that stimulates GH release with minimal effect on cortisol or prolactin, distinguishing it from earlier growth hormone secretagogues.

Copper peptide GHK-Cu and its role in skin remodelling and wound healing

Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. • Biomolecules • 2015

DOI: 10.3390/biom5041460

Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu's mechanism of action in activating collagen synthesis, antioxidant pathways, and tissue repair genes — the foundational reference for copper peptide skin research.

Tripeptide-Copper Complexes: Tissue Remodelling Stimulators and Their Role in Disease

Pickart L, Margolina A. • Biochemistry Insights • 2018

DOI: 10.1177/1178626418780625

Updates the mechanistic understanding of GHK-Cu, highlighting its role in upregulating over 4,000 human genes involved in healing, inflammation resolution, and anti-tumour activity.

Epitalon increases the lifespan of mice and rats and activates the expression of longevity genes

Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. • Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine • 2003

DOI: 10.1023/A:1025493705728

Demonstrates that the tetrapeptide Epitalon (Epithalon) extends lifespan in both mice and rats and activates expression of telomerase, linking this peptide to telomere lengthening mechanisms.

Epithalamin and Epitalon in experimental oncology: comparative aspects

Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh. • Neuro Endocrinology Letters • 2010

Reviews three decades of Soviet and Russian research demonstrating pineal peptide Epitalon's anti-tumour, immune-modulating, and life-extending effects in animal models.

Thymosin β4 accelerates wound healing

Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. • Journal of Investigative Dermatology • 2004

DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23219.x

Key study demonstrating that Thymosin Beta-4 (the precursor to TB-500) significantly accelerates keratinocyte and endothelial cell migration to expedite skin wound closure.

Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications

Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. • Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy • 2012

DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.661399

Comprehensive review of Thymosin Beta-4's roles in angiogenesis, cardiac repair, corneal healing, and neurological recovery, supporting its broad tissue-regeneration profile.

Semax, an analogue of ACTH(4-7) with cognitive enhancing properties

Ashmarin IP, Nezavibathko VN, Levitskaya NG, et al. • Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry • 1997

Original characterisation of Semax as an ACTH-derived nootropic peptide, describing its ability to enhance memory consolidation and neurotrophin (BDNF, NGF) expression in rodent models.

Selank modulates the expression of genes related to the GABAergic and serotonin systems

Semenova TP, Kozlovskaya MM, Andreeva LA, et al. • Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine • 2010

DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0931-7

Demonstrates that Selank exerts anxiolytic effects through modulation of GABAergic tone and serotonin metabolism, providing a mechanistic basis for its use in anxiety and stress research.

AOD9604 and its effects on fat metabolism — evidence from clinical and preclinical studies

Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, et al. • Diabetes • 2001

DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2216

Shows that AOD9604 — the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone — reduces adiposity and increases fat oxidation without affecting IGF-1 levels, supporting its metabolic specificity.

The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a T-cell attractant and promotes wound healing

Nijnik A, Hancock REW. • Chemistry & Biology • 2009

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.07.002

Establishes LL-37 as a multifunctional host defence peptide that directly kills bacteria, modulates innate immune signalling, and recruits T-cells to accelerate wound healing.

LL-37-derived peptides eradicate multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm

Zapotoczna M, Forde E, Hogan S, et al. • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy • 2017

DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00745-17

Demonstrates that LL-37 fragment peptides can disrupt and eradicate MRSA biofilms that resist conventional antibiotics, highlighting the clinical potential of antimicrobial peptide therapy.

Semaglutide 1 mg once weekly vs. exenatide ER in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3 Trial)

Ahmann AJ, Capehorn M, Charpentier G, et al. • Diabetes Care • 2018

DOI: 10.2337/dc17-2232

SUSTAIN 3 showed semaglutide 1 mg once weekly achieved significantly greater HbA1c reduction (−1.5%) and weight loss (−5.6 kg) versus exenatide ER, confirming superior clinical efficacy.

BPC 157 promotes tendon-to-bone healing and accelerates ligament repair in rats

Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al. • Journal of Applied Physiology • 2011

DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00447.2011

Demonstrates that BPC-157 significantly accelerates tendon-to-bone healing by promoting collagen organisation, tenocyte proliferation, and vascularisation at the injury site in a rat model.